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ESTINYL® Schering Ethinyl Estradiol Estrogen Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ethinyl estradiol promotes growth of the endometrium; promotes thickening, stratification and cornification of the vagina. It causes enlargement of the ducts of the mammary glands and promotes the development of secondary female sex characteristics. Ethinyl estradiol inhibits pituitary gonadotropin secretion probably via action on the hypothalamus. Similar to other estrogens it influences calcium and phosphorus metabolism, possesses some anabolic action on…

EPIVAL® EPIJECT® I.V. Abbott Divalproex Sodium Valproic Acid Anticonvulsant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Divalproex has anticonvulsant properties, and is chemically related to valproic acid. Divalproex dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract. Although its mechanism of action has not yet been established, it has been suggested that its activity in epilepsy is related to increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The effect on the neuronal membrane is…

EPREX® Janssen-Ortho Epoetin Alfa Erythropoiesis Regulating Hormone Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein which stimulates red blood cell production. It is produced in the kidney and stimulates the division and differentiation of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. Epoetin alfa is a 165 amino acid glycoprotein manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. It has a molecular weight of 30 400 daltons and is produced by mammalian cells into…

ERGAMISOL® Janssen-Ortho Levamisole HCl Immunomodulator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Levamisole is capable of restoring impaired immune responses preferentially of the cell mediated type in compromised hosts. Therapeutic doses of levamisole restore to normal the functions of monocytes (phagocytes) and T lymphocytes but do not directly influence B cells. Levamisole is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following a single oral ingestion of 150 mg. In patients with neoplastic disease, a…

ENTROPHEN® Johnson & Johnson• Merck ASA Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic – Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: ASA has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. In rheumatic diseases, although the analgesic and antipyretic effects are useful, the major purpose for which ASA is used is to reduce the intensity of the inflammatory process. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may be involved in the anti-inflammatory action of ASA. ASA also alters platelet…

EPHEDRINE HCl Roberts Decongestant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ephedrine is an adrenergic drug which exerts peripheral effects resembling those of epinephrine and central effects resembling those of the amphetamines. Ephedrine produces a more sustained action but is less potent than epinephrine. It stimulates both alpha and beta receptors and its peripheral actions are due partly to norepinephrine release and partly to direct effects on receptors. Ephedrine stimulates the heart, elevating…

EPIPEN® EPIPEN® JR. Allerex Epinephrine Allergy Therapy Auto-Injector Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic drug, acting on both alpha and beta receptors. It is the drug of choice for the emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions to insect bites, insect stings, food, medication and other allergens. It is also indicated for the temporary emergency treatment of severe, life-threatening asthma attacks. The strong vasoconstrictor action of epinephrine acts quickly…

ENTACYL® Roberts Piperazine Adipate Anthelmintic Indications And Clinical Uses: Pinworm or roundworm infestations. Contra-Indications: Impaired renal or hepatic function, convulsive disorders, or a history of hypersensitivity reactions to piperazine or its salts. Precautions: In children, avoid prolonged or repeated treatment in excess of that recommended due to potential neurotoxicity. Pregnancy: Safety of this drug for use during pregnancy has not been established. If CNS, significant gastrointestinal, or hypersensitivity reactions occur,…

ENTEX® LA Purdue Frederick Phenylpropanolamine HCI – Guaifenesin Decongestant – Expectorant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Phenylpropanolamine is an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist (sympathomimetic) which produces vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha-receptors within the mucosa of the respiratory tract. Clinically, phenylpropanolamine shrinks swollen mucous membranes, reduces tissue hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion, and increases nasal airway patency. Guaifenesin promotes lower respiratory tract drainage by thinning bronchial secretions, lubricates irritated respiratory tract membranes through increased…

ENTOCORT® Capsules Astra Budesonide Glucocorticosteroid for the Treatment of Crohn’s Disease Affecting the Ileum and/or Ascending Colon Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The active ingredient of Entocort capsules, budesonide, is a potent nonhalogenated synthetic glucocorticosteroid with high topical potency and weak systemic effects. The exact mechanism of action of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood. Anti-inflammatory actions, such as the inhibition of inflammatory mediator release and…