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ARIMIDEX® Zeneca Anastrozole Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Many breast cancers have estrogen receptors and growth of these tumors can be stimulated by estrogens. In postmenopausal women, the principal source of circulating estrogen (primarily estrone) is conversion of adrenally-generated androstenedione to estrone by aromatase in peripheral tissues, such as adipose tissue, with further conversion of estrone to estradiol. Many breast cancers also contain aromatase; the importance of tumor-generated…

ARISTOCORT® Tablets Stiefel/Glades Triamcinolone Corticosteroid Indications And Clinical Uses: Endocrine Disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (hydrocortisone or cortisone are the drugs of choice although synthetic analogs may be used in conjunction with mineralocorticoids where applicable; mineralocorticoid supplementation is of particular importance when treating this condition in infants); nonsuppurative thyroiditis; hypercalcemia associated with cancer. Rheumatic Disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode…

ARISTOCORT® Topicals Stiefel/Glades Triamcinolone Acetonide Topical Corticosteroid Indications And Clinical Uses: In management of certain dermatoses, e.g., atopic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, nummular eczema, contact dermatitis, pruritus vulvae and ani, generalized erythrodermia, external otitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczematized psoriasis, neurodermatitis. Contra-Indications: Tuberculosis of skin, fungal and viral dermal lesions, herpes simplex, chickenpox and vaccinia. Hypersensitivity to any of the components. Manufacturers’ Warnings In Clinical States: Pregnancy and Lactation: The safety of topical…

APO®-TERAZOSIN Apotex Terazosin HCl Antihypertensive Agent – Symptomatic Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Hypertension: The antihypertensive effect of terazosin is believed to be a direct result of peripheral vasodilation. Although the exact mechanism by which the lowering of blood pressure is achieved is not known, the relaxation of the vessels appears to be produced mainly by selective blockade of a1-adrenoceptors. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): The…

APO®-OFLOX Apotex Ofloxacin Antibacterial Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum, synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent for oral administration. Ofloxacin is thought to exert a bactericidal effect on susceptible bacterial cells by inhibiting the essential bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, a critical catalyst in the duplication, transcription and repair of bacteria. The bioavailability of ofloxacin in the tablet formulation is approximately 98%. Ofloxacin is rapidly and completely absorbed from the upper…

APRESOLINE® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Hydralazine HCl Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Although the precise mechanism of action of hydralazine is not fully understood, the major effects are on the cardiovascular system. Hydralazine apparently lowers blood pressure by exerting a peripheral vasodilating effect through a direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Hydralazine, by altering cellular calcium metabolism, interferes with the calcium movements within the vascular smooth muscle that are responsible for initiating…

APO®-TICLOPIDINE Apotex Ticlopidine HCl Inhibitor of Platelet Function Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ticlopidine is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It causes a time and dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation and release of platelet factors, as well as prolongation of bleeding time. The drug has no significant in vitro activity. The exact mechanism of action is not fully characterized, but does not involve inhibition of the prostacyclin/thromboxane pathways or platelet cAMP….

APO®-ETODOLAC Apotex Etodolac Anti-inflammatory Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Etodolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties in animal models. The pharmacological actions of etodolac are thought to be related to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis at the site of inflammation. Etodolac is a racemic mixture of R- and S-etodolac. As with other NSAIDs, it has been demonstrated in animals that the S-form is biologically active…

APO®-KETOCONAZOLE Apotex Ketoconazole Antifungal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: In vitro studies suggest that the antifungal properties of ketoconazole may be related to its ability to impair the synthesis of ergosterol, a component of fungal and yeast cell membranes. Without the availability of this essential sterol, there are morphological alterations of the fungal and yeast cell membranes manifested as abnormal membranous inclusions between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. The…

APO®-MOCLOBEMIDE Apotex Moclobemide Antidepressant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Moclobemide is a short-acting, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA). It is a benzamide derivative which inhibits the deamination of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. This action leads to increased concentrations of these neurotransmitters, which may account for the antidepressant activity of moclobemide. Monoamine oxidases are currently subclassified into 2 types, A and B, which differ in their substrate specificity. Moclobemide…