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AMOXICILLIN Amoxycillin Antibiotic Pharmacology: Amoxicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin of the aminopenicillin group, is bactericidal against sensitive organisms. It acts through the inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. The spectrum of activity of amoxicillin includes H. influenzae, E. coli, P. mirabilis, Salmonella and some Shigella species while also retaining activity against penicillin-sensitive gram-positive bacteria (see Penicillin G/Penicillin V, General Monograph). However, many Enterobacteriaceae, H. Influenzae, Salmonella and Shigella…

ANA-KIT® Bayer Epinephrine – Chlorpheniramine Maleate Allergy Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Epinephrine: The most valuable drug for the emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions is epinephrine. The vasoconstrictor effect of epinephrine on the capillary directly antagonizes the generalized vasodilation produced by histamine. Epinephrine reverses the increased permeability of dilated capillaries to plasma. The shock of severe allergic reactions is due to the loss of circulating blood volume by pooling…

AMSA P-D™ Parke-Davis Amsacrine Antineoplastic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Amsacrine is a potent cytotoxic agent. In in vitro studies, the LD50 against cultured L1210 cells is 0.04 µg/mL and 0.2 µg/mL against cultured Novikoff cells at 6 hours. Higher concentrations or longer exposure produce cell destruction. A 3 hour exposure of Novikoff cells to 2 µg of AMSA P-D indicated 62% inhibition of DNA synthesis (incorporation of radioactive thymidine) while…

AMIKIN® Bristol Amikacin Sulfate Antibiotic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Amikacin is a semi-synthetic bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic affecting bacterial growth by specific inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria and is active primarily against gram negative organisms, including Pseudomonas. A 30 g amikacin sensitivity disc should give a zone inhibition of 17 mm or greater to be sensitive, using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc sensitivity for the causative organism. The pharmacokinetics…

AMITRIPTYLINE Antidepressant Pharmacology: Amitriptyline is a tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. The manner in which the tricyclic antidepressants exert their clinical antidepressant effect is uncertain but they have been shown to block, in different degrees, the reuptake of various neurotransmitters including serotonin and norepinephrine at the neuronal membrane. This action potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline exhibits strong anticholinergic activity, cardiovascular effects including orthostatic hypotension, changes in heart rhythm and…

AMATINE® Knoll Midodrine HCl Vasopressor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Midodrine is a postsynaptic alpha adrenergic receptor stimulant with little effect on the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. The actions of midodrine on the cardiovascular and other organ systems are essentially identical with those of other alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulants, such as phenylephrine or methoxamine. The most prominent effects of midodrine are on the cardiovascular system, consisting of a rise in systolic…

AMERGE® Glaxo Wellcome Naratriptan HCl 5-HT1 Receptor Agonist – Migraine Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Naratriptan has been demonstrated to be a selective agonist for a vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1B/1D family) with little or no binding affinity for 5-HT2/3 receptor subtypes, alpha1-, alpha2-, or beta-adrenergic; dopamine1; dopamine2; muscarinic; or benzodiazepine receptors. Naratriptan did not exhibit agonist or antagonist activity in ex vivo assays of…

AMETOP™ Smith & Nephew Tetracaine HCl Topical Anesthetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Tetracaine is a local anesthetic of the ester type (para-amino benzoic acid derivative). Ametop has been formulated as the free base to allow the tetracaine to diffuse across the skin barrier and reach the pain receptors (nociceptors) located just below the stratum corneum. It acts by inhibiting sodium ion flux across the axon membrane thus preventing the nociceptors…

AMICAR® Wyeth-Ayerst Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid Antifibrinolytic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Epsilon aminocaproic acid is a monoaminocarboxylic acid which acts as an effective inhibitor of fibrinolysis. The beneficial fibrinolysis-inhibitory effects of aminocaproic acid appear to be principally via inhibition of plasminogen activator substances and to a lesser degree, through antiplasmin activity. The drug is absorbed rapidly following oral administration. Whether administered by the oral or i.v. route, a major portion…

ALSOY™ Nestl©, Carnation Soy Infant Formula Indications And Clinical Uses: A nutritionally complete iron fortified soya brand formula for routine feeding of infants from birth if breast-feeding is not an option or if a supplement is required. For milk-free feeding if a soy supplement is required. Dosage And Administration: As determined by the individual infant’s needs for the first year of life. Consult the physician for specific feeding recommendations. Preparation:…