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ALBERT® PENTOXIFYLLINE Albert Pharma Pentoxifylline Vasoactive Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative. It belongs to a group of vasoactive drugs which improve peripheral blood flow and thus enhance peripheral tissue oxygenation. The mechanism by which pentoxifylline achieves this effect has not been determined, but it is likely that the following factors are involved: Pentoxifylline, as other xanthine derivatives, relaxes certain smooth muscles including those of the…

ALBERT® TIAFEN ALBERT® TIAFEN SR Albert Pharma Tiaprofenic Acid Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Tiaprofenic acid, a propionic acid derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its mechanism of action, as with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, is not yet completely known. Tiaprofenic acid is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase enzymes which are known to be associated with inflammation and pain. The therapeutic effect of…

ALDACTONE® Searle Spironolactone Aldosterone Antagonist Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent, sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule. Spironolactone causes increased amounts of sodium and water to be excreted, while potassium loss is minimized. Spironolactone acts both as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive drug by this mechanism. It may be given…

ALDACTAZIDE 25® ALDACTAZIDE 50® Searle Spironolactone – Hydrochlorothiazide Aldosterone Antagonist – Diuretic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: A combination of two diuretic agents with different but complementary mechanisms and sites of action. Spironolactone component helps to minimize the potassium loss which may be induced by the thiazide component. Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of the adrenal mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding with receptors at the aldosterone-dependent sodium/potassium exchange…

AIROMIR™ 3M Pharmaceuticals Salbutamol Sulfate Bronchodilator – b2-adrenergic Stimulant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Salbutamol produces bronchodilation through stimulation of b2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby causing relaxation of bronchial muscle fibers. This action results in improved pulmonary function as demonstrated by spirometric measurements. At therapeutic doses, salbutamol has little action on the b1-adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle. Clinical experience has shown that inhaled salbutamol, like other b-adrenergic agonists, can…

AKINETON® Knoll Biperiden HCl Anticholinergic – Antiparkinson Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Biperiden is an anticholinergic agent which acts primarily on the CNS. Parkinsonism is thought to result from an imbalance between the excitatory (cholinergic) and inhibitory (dopaminergic) systems. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic drugs, such as biperiden, is considered to relate to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors in the corpus striatum, which…

ADVANTAGE 24™ Roberts Nonoxynol-9 Vaginal Contraceptive Gel Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Nonoxynol-9 (paranonyl-phenoxypolyethoxyethanol) is a commonly used spermicidal agent. Nonoxynol-9 is responsible for cell membrane breakage; it decreases surface tension and kills epithelial cells. The vaginal contraceptive gel is a new gel designed to provide a steady release of nonoxynol-9 after a single vaginal application. Commonly available spermicidal formulations must be used close to the time of intercourse if they…

ADVIL® Whitehall-Robins Ibuprofen Analgesic – Antipyretic Indications And Clinical Uses: Adults and Children over 12: For fast and effective relief of headaches, toothache and menstrual pain, and for minor aches and pain associated with arthritis, muscles, joints and backache, and for reduction of fever. Children 12 and under: For fever and pain due to colds, sore throat, immunizatin and earache. Contra-Indications: Hypersensitivity to ibuprofen. Patients with active peptic ulcers or…

ADVIL® COLD & SINUS Whitehall-Robins Ibuprofen – Pseudoephedrine HCl Analgesic – Antipyretic – Decongestant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ibuprofen has exhibited analgesic and antipyretic activity in animal studies designed to specifically demonstrate these effects. Ibuprofen has been shown to have no glucocorticoid-like activity. Pseudoephedrine is an orally effective nasal decongestant when administered in doses of 60 mg/dose, up to 240 mg/day. In order to comply with the flexible dosing schedule…

AGRYLIN™ Roberts Anagrelide HCl Platelet-reducing Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The mechanism by which anagrelide reduces blood platelet count is still under investigation. Studies in patients support a hypothesis of dose-related reduction in platelet production resulting from a decrease in megakaryocyte hypermaturation. In blood withdrawn from normal volunteers treated with anagrelide, a disruption was found in the postmitotic phase of megakaryocyte development and a reduction in megakaryocyte size and ploidy….