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LIPITOR™ Parke-Davis Atorvastatin Calcium Lipid Metabolism Regulator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Atorvastatin is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. It is a selective, competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is an early and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Atorvastatin lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in the liver and by increasing…

LINCOCIN® Pharmacia & Upjohn Lincomycin HCl Monohydrate Antibiotic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The mode of action of lincomycin is the inhibition of protein synthesis by the inhibition of the binding of aminoacyl sRNA to the messenger ribosome complex at the 50S ribosomal unit. Lincomycin is absorbed rapidly after oral administration, reaching peak levels in 2 to 4 hours. Levels above the minimum inhibitory concentration for most gram-positive organisms are maintained…

LIORESAL® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Baclofen Muscle Relaxant – Antispastic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Baclofen’s precise mechanisms of action are not fully known. It inhibits both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal level, probably by hyperpolarization of afferent terminals, although actions at supraspinal sites may also occur and contribute to its clinical effect. Although baclofen is an analog of the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), there is no conclusive evidence…

LIORESAL® Intrathecal Novartis Pharmaceuticals Baclofen Muscle Relaxant – Antispastic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The precise mechanisms of action of baclofen as a muscle relaxant and antispastic agent are not fully understood. Baclofen inhibits both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex transmission at the spinal level, possibly by decreasing excitatory neurotransmitter release from primary afferent terminals. Actions at supraspinal sites may also contribute to its clinical effect. Baclofen is an analogue of the…

LIDEMOL® Medicis Fluocinonide Topical Corticosteroid Indications And Clinical Uses: For topical therapy of corticosteroid-responsive acute and chronic skin eruptions where an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antipruritic activity in the topical management is required. Contra-Indications: Untreated bacterial, tubercular, fungal and most viral lesions of the skin (including herpes simplex, vaccinia and varicella) and untreated purulent bacterial infections. Hypersensitivity to any of the components. Manufacturers’ Warnings In Clinical States: Pregnancy and Lactation: The…

LEVOPHED® Sanofi Norepinephrine Bitartrate Sympathomimetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Norepinephrine functions as a powerful peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action) and as a potent inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-adrenergic action). Both of these actions result in an increase in systemic blood pressure and coronary artery blood flow. Cardiac output will vary reflexly in response to systemic hypertension but is usually increased in hypotensive man when the…

LEVSIN® Rivex Pharma Hyoscyamine Sulfate Antispasmodic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Hyoscyamine inhibits specifically the actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the exocrine glands. It is completely devoid of any action…

LEVOVIST® Berlex Canada Galactose – Palmitic Acid Ultrasound Contrast Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Levovist is an ultrasound contrast agent consisting of granules which are composed of 99.9% galactose and 0.1% palmitic acid. Prior to use, Levovist must be reconstituted with sterilized water for injections and shaken vigorously by hand for 5 to 10 seconds. After injection of the suspension into a peripheral vein, Levovist leads to temporarily enhanced ultrasound…

LEUCOVORIN CALCIUM INJECTION Faulding Citrovorum Factor Folic Acid Derivative Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Leucovorin is a reduced form of folic acid, which is readily converted to other reduced folic acid derivatives (e.g., tetra-hydrofolate). Because it does not require reduction by dihydrofolate reductase as does folic acid, leucovorin is not affected by blockages of this enzyme by folic acid antagonists (dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors). This allows purine and thymidine synthesis, and thus…

LEUKERAN® Glaxo Wellcome Chlorambucil Antineoplastic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Chlorambucil is an aromatic nitrogen mustard derivative which acts as a bifunctional alkylating agent. Alkylation takes place through the formation of a highly reactive ethylenimonium radical. A probable mode of action involves cross-linkage of the ethylenimonium derivative between two strands of helical DNA and subsequent interference with replication. After oral administration of carbon-14 labelled chlorambucil, maximum plasma radioactivity occurs between…