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ALBERT® TIAFEN ALBERT® TIAFEN SR Albert Pharma Tiaprofenic Acid Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Tiaprofenic acid, a propionic acid derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its mechanism of action, as with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, is not yet completely known. Tiaprofenic acid is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase enzymes which are known to be associated with inflammation and pain. The therapeutic effect of…

ALDACTONE® Searle Spironolactone Aldosterone Antagonist Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent, sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule. Spironolactone causes increased amounts of sodium and water to be excreted, while potassium loss is minimized. Spironolactone acts both as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive drug by this mechanism. It may be given…

ALDACTAZIDE 25® ALDACTAZIDE 50® Searle Spironolactone – Hydrochlorothiazide Aldosterone Antagonist – Diuretic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: A combination of two diuretic agents with different but complementary mechanisms and sites of action. Spironolactone component helps to minimize the potassium loss which may be induced by the thiazide component. Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of the adrenal mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding with receptors at the aldosterone-dependent sodium/potassium exchange…

AKINETON® Knoll Biperiden HCl Anticholinergic – Antiparkinson Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Biperiden is an anticholinergic agent which acts primarily on the CNS. Parkinsonism is thought to result from an imbalance between the excitatory (cholinergic) and inhibitory (dopaminergic) systems. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic drugs, such as biperiden, is considered to relate to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors in the corpus striatum, which…

ADVANTAGE 24™ Roberts Nonoxynol-9 Vaginal Contraceptive Gel Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Nonoxynol-9 (paranonyl-phenoxypolyethoxyethanol) is a commonly used spermicidal agent. Nonoxynol-9 is responsible for cell membrane breakage; it decreases surface tension and kills epithelial cells. The vaginal contraceptive gel is a new gel designed to provide a steady release of nonoxynol-9 after a single vaginal application. Commonly available spermicidal formulations must be used close to the time of intercourse if they…

AGRYLIN™ Roberts Anagrelide HCl Platelet-reducing Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The mechanism by which anagrelide reduces blood platelet count is still under investigation. Studies in patients support a hypothesis of dose-related reduction in platelet production resulting from a decrease in megakaryocyte hypermaturation. In blood withdrawn from normal volunteers treated with anagrelide, a disruption was found in the postmitotic phase of megakaryocyte development and a reduction in megakaryocyte size and ploidy….

ADENOCARD® Fujisawa Adenosine Antiarrhythmic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. When injected i.v. adenosine slows atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the AV node and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Adenosine is antagonized competitively by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline and potentiated…

ADALAT® Bayer Nifedipine Antianginal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Nifedipine is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (calcium entry blocker or calcium ion antagonist). The antianginal effect of this group of drugs is believed to be related to its specific cellular action of selectively inhibiting transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. The contractile processes of these tissues are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium into…

ADALAT® PA 10 ADALAT® PA 20 Bayer Nifedipine Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Nifedipine is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (calcium channel blocker or calcium ion antagonist). The antihypertensive action of this group of drugs is believed to be related to its specific cellular action of selectively inhibiting transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscles. The contractile processes of vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of…

ADALAT® XL® Bayer Nifedipine Antianginal – Antihypertensive System Components and Performance: Adalat XL extended release tablets, while similar in appearance to a conventional tablet, nonetheless consist of a semipermeable membrane surrounding an osmotically active drug core. The core itself is divided into 2 layers: an “active” layer containing the drug, and a “push” layer containing pharmacologically inert, but osmotically active components. As water from the gastrointestinal tract enters the tablet,…