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PROSTIN® E2 Vaginal Gel Pharmacia & Upjohn Dinoprostone Prostaglandin Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Dinoprostone is a synthetic analogue of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The major clinical application of PGE2 relates to its effect on uterine smooth muscle. This property has led to its obstetrical use for term labor induction and preterm evacuation of uterine contents (for fetal death in utero, hydatidiform mole and abortion). Similarly, this effect on other smooth muscle…

PROSCAR® MSD Finasteride 5 Alpha-reductase Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Finasteride is a synthetic 4-azasteroid compound which is a competitive and specific inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme which metabolizes testosterone into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Finasteride has very low affinity for the androgen receptor. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common finding in men over the age of 50 and its prevalence increases with age. The…

PROSTIGMIN® Preparations ICN Neostigmine Parasympathomimetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Neostigmine inhibits the destruction of acetylcholine by cholinesterase, thus permitting freer transmission of nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction. It also has a direct effect on voluntary muscle fibres and possibly on autonomic ganglion cells and neurons of the CNS. After absorption or i.v. administration, 80% of a dose is excreted by the kidney in the unchanged (50%) and metabolized (30%)…

PRONESTYL® PRONESTYL®-SR Squibb Procainamide HCl Antiarrhythmic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Procainamide increases the effective refractory period of the atria, and to a lesser extent the bundle of His-Purkinje system and ventricles of the heart. It reduces impulse conduction velocity in the atria, His-Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle, but has variable effects on the atrioventricular node, a direct slowing action and a weaker vagolytic effect which may speed atrioventricular conduction…

PROPINE® Allergan Dipivefrin HCl Glaucoma Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Dipivefrin is a member of a class of drugs known as prodrugs. Prodrugs are chemical modifications of valuable therapeutic agents which make the parent compound a more useful drug. These modifications are undertaken to enhance absorption, decrease side effects and enhance stability and comfort. Enhanced absorption makes the prodrug a more efficient delivery system for the parent drug because less…

PROPECIA® MSD Finasteride Type II 5 Alpha-reductase Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Finasteride is a competitive and specific inhibitor of Type II 5 alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts the androgen testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Two distinct isozymes of 5 alpha-reductase are found in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans: Type I and II. Each of these isozymes is differentially expressed in tissues and developmental stages. In humans, Type I 5…

PROLASTIN® Bayer Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Human) Alpha1-Antitrypsin Replenisher Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is a chronic, hereditary, usually fatal, autosomal recessive disorder in which a low concentration of alpha1-Pl (alpha1-antitrypsin) is associated with slowly progressive, severe panacinar emphysema that most often manifests itself in the third to fourth decades of life. (Although the terms alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha1-antitrypsin are used interchangeably in the scientific literature, the hereditary disorder associated with…

PROLOPRIM® Glaxo Wellcome Trimethoprim Antibacterial Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Trimethoprim blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid by binding to and reversibly inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This binding is very much stronger for the bacterial enzyme than for the corresponding mammalian enzyme; thus, trimethoprim selectively interferes with bacterial biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins by causing a deficiency of endogenously produced thymine. The effect is usually bactericidal…

PROLOPA® Roche Levodopa – Benserazide Antiparkinsonian Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are to a high degree associated with striatal dopamine deficiency and degeneration of the dopamine containing neurons in the nigro-striatal bundle. However, administration of dopamine is ineffective in the treatment of Parkinson’s syndrome, because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Levodopa, which does permeate the blood-brain barrier, appears to correct the akinesia of…

PROFASI® HP Serono Chorionic Gonadotropin Gonadotropin Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Chorionic gonadotropin, extracted from the urine of pregnant women, is a water-soluble polypeptide hormone produced by the human placenta composed of an alpha and a beta sub-unit. The alpha sub-unit is essentially identical to the alpha sub-units of the human pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as to the alpha sub-unit of human thyroid-stimulating hormone…