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ATROVENT® Nasal Spray Boehringer Ingelheim Ipratropium Bromide Topical Anticholinergic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ipratropium, a quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine, is an anticholinergic drug. Ipratropium administered intranasally has a localized parasympathetic blocking action which reduces watery hypersecretion from mucosal glands in the nose. Two nasal provocation trials in perennial rhinitis patients (n=44) using ipratropium nasal spray showed a dose-dependent increase in inhibition of methacholine-induced nasal secretion with an onset of…

ATROVENT® Inhalation Solution Boehringer Ingelheim Ipratropium Bromide Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ipratropium, a quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine, is an anticholinergic drug which has bronchodilator properties. On inhalation, the onset of action is noted within 5 to 15 minutes, with a peak response between 1 and 2 hours, lasting about 2 additional hours, with subsequent decline from the peak. Bronchodilation is still evident 8 hours after inhalation. In acute…

AURALGAN® Whitehall-Robins Antipyrine – Benzocaine Analgesic – Antiphlogistic Indications And Clinical Uses: As an analgesic and decongestant for pain and inflammation in the ear, swimmer’s ear; adjunctive treatment of otitis media. Contra-Indications: Hypersensitivity to any of the components. Precautions: Do not rinse dropper with water. Keep dry. Keep well closed. Dosage: Warm Auralgan slightly and fill ear canal. Saturate cotton plug with Auralgan and insert in ear. Repeat several times…

AVAPRO™ Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Canada Irbesartan Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Blocker Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Irbesartan antagonizes angiotensin II by blocking AT1 receptors. Angiotensin II is the primary vasoactive hormone in the renin-angiotensin system. Its effects include vasoconstriction and the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Irbesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking in a noncompetitive manner the binding of angiotensin II to…

ATIVAN® Wyeth-Ayerst Lorazepam Anxiolytic – Sedative Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine with CNS depressant, anxiolytic and sedative properties. Lorazepam has also been shown to possess anticonvulsant activity. Peak plasma concentrations of free lorazepam after oral administration are reached at 2 hours (range 1 to 6 hours). Peak concentrations are reached in 60 to 90 minutes after i.m. administration and in 60 minutes after sublingual administration. Lorazepam is…

ATROPINE SULFATE INJECTION USP Astra Atropine Sulfate Parasympatholytic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Atropine is commonly classified as an anticholinergic or antiparasympathetic (parasympatholytic) drug. More precisely, however, it is termed an antimuscarinic agent since it antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other choline esters. Atropine inhibits the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves, and on smooth muscles which respond to endogenous acetylcholine but are not…

ATRACURIUM BESYLATE INJECTION Faulding I.V. Skeletal Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Atracurium is a nondepolarizing, intermediate-duration, skeletal neuromuscular blocking agent. Nondepolarizing agents antagonize the neurotransmitter action of acetylcholine by binding competitively to cholinergic receptor sites on the motor endplate. This antagonism is inhibited, and neuromuscular block reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine, edrophonium and pyridostigmine. The duration of neuromuscular blockade produced by atracurium is approximately one-third to…

ATASOL®-8, -15, -30 Carter Horner Acetaminophen – Codeine Phosphate – Caffeine Citrate Analgesic – Antipyretic Indications And Clinical Uses: The relief of mild to moderate pain of various causes as in headache, migraine, dental pain, dysmenorrhea, myalgias and neuralgias. As an antipyretic when fever accompanies painful conditions. Contra-Indications: Acetaminophen and/or codeine hypersensitivity. Precautions: See Atasol Preparations. Adverse Reactions: Codeine: Adverse reactions due to codeine phosphate may include drowsiness, nausea, vomiting…

ATARAX™ Pfizer Hydroxyzine HCl Anxiolytic – Antihistamine Indications And Clinical Uses: Oral: The management of anxiety and tension as in the preparation for dental procedures and in acute emotional problems. Also used in the management of anxiety associated with organic disturbances and as adjunctive therapy in alcoholism and allergic conditions with strong emotional overlay, such as in asthma. Useful in the management of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as…

ATGAM® Pharmacia & Upjohn Lymphocyte Immune Globulin – Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (Equine) Immunosuppressant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Atgam is the purified, concentrated, and sterile gamma globulin, primarily monomeric IgG, from hyperimmune plasma of horses immunized with human thymus lymphocytes. Atgam is a lymphocyte-selective immunosuppressant as is demonstrated by its ability to reduce the number of circulating, thymus-dependent lymphocytes that form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. This antilymphocyte effect is believed to reflect…