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C.E.S.® ICN Conjugated Estrogens Estrogens Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Conjugated estrogens are a mixture of estrogens derived from plant sterols and contain the sodium salts of water-soluble estrogen sulfates. C.E.S. is derived from plant sterols, only. Conjugated estrogens contain estrone, equilin, 17-a-dihydroequilin, 17-a-estradiol, equilenin and 17-a-dihydroequilenin as salts of their sulfate esters. Actions: Metabolic and Somatic Effects: Estrogens are responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system…

CRIXIVAN® MSD Indinavir Sulfate HIV Protease Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Indinavir is a selective protease inhibitor active against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1). Mechanism of Action: HIV protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV. Indinavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of…

CUPRIMINE® MSD Penicillamine Chelating Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: As a chelating agent, penicillamine removes copper and lead from the body. In copper chelation, from in vitro studies which indicate that one atom of copper combines with 2 molecules of penicillamine. It would appear that 1 g of penicillamine should be followed by the excretion of about 200 mg of copper; however, the actual amount excreted is about 1% of…

BURINEX® Leo Bumetanide Diuretic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic. The diuretic effect of bumetanide results largely from the inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This is shown by a marked reduction in freewater clearance during hydration and tubular solute-free water reabsorption during hydropenia. Bumetanide may have an additional action in the proximal tubule, since phosphaturia has been observed during…

BRICANYL® Tablets BRICANYL® TURBUHALER® Astra Terbutaline Sulfate Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Terbutaline produces bronchodilation by stimulation of the B2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby causing relaxation of muscle fibres. This action is manifested by an increase in pulmonary function as demonstrated by FEV1 measurements. Terbutaline also produces a decrease in airway and pulmonary resistance. Following inhalation of terbutaline Turbuhaler, a significant improvement in pulmonary function measurements is…

BILTRICIDE® Bayer Praziquantel Anthelmintic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Praziquantel induces a rapid contraction of schistosomes by a specific effect on the permeability of the cell membrane. The drug further causes vacuolization and disintegration of the schistosome tegument. The effect is more marked on adult worms compared to young worms. An increased calcium influx may play an important role. Secondary effects are inhibition of glucose uptake, lowering of…

BIQUIN DURULES® Astra Controlled Release Quinidine Bisulfate Antiarrhythmic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Quinidine is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent according to the modified Vaughan-Williams classification. Quinidine is considered a myocardial depressant. Direct actions on the heart include: decreased myocardial excitability; prolongation of the atrial, ventricular and Purkinje refractory periods; decreased atrial, Purkinje and ventricular conduction velocities; substantially decreased firing rate of cardiac Purkinje fibres by direct action; decreased myocardial…

BICILLIN® L-A Wyeth-Ayerst Penicillin G Benzathine Antibiotic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Actions: Penicillin G exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-sensitive microorganisms during the stage of active multiplication. It acts through the inhibition of biosynthesis of cell-wall mucopeptide. It is not active against the penicillinase-producing bacteria, which include many strains of staphylococci. Penicillin G exerts high in vitro activity against staphylococci (except penicillinase-producing strains), streptococci (Groups A,C,G,H,L and M) and pneumococci….

BiCNU® Bristol Carmustine Antineoplastic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Carmustine alkylates DNA and RNA and has been shown to inhibit several enzymes by carbamoylation of amino acids in proteins. In a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments with formate 4, adenine-8-4 and DL-leucine-4,5-, Wheeler and Bowdon obtained results indicating that carmustine interferes with the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and with the conversion of purine nucleotides to…

BEZALIP® Roche Bezafibrate Lipid Metabolism Regulator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The fibrates, including bezafibrate, lower elevated serum lipids by decreasing the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction rich in cholesterol and the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction rich in triglycerides. In addition, fibrates (including bezafibrate) increase the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol fraction. Due to their major action on lipoprotein and hepatic triglyceride lipase, the fibrates appear to produce a…