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ZARONTIN® Parke-Davis Ethosuximide Anticonvulsant Indications And Clinical Uses: The control of absence (petit mal) epilepsy. Contra-Indications: Ethosuximide should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to succinimides. Precautions: Blood dyscrasias, including some with fatal outcome, have been reported to be associated with the use of ethosuximide; therefore, periodic blood counts should be performed. Ethosuximide is capable of producing morphological and functional changes in the animal liver. In…

ZEMURON™ Organon Rocuronium Bromide Nondepolarizing Skeletal Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Rocuronium is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid to intermediate onset depending on dose and an intermediate duration of action. The drug acts by binding competitively to cholinergic receptors at the motor end-plate to antagonize the action of acetylcholine, an effect which is reversible in the presence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine and edrophonium….

ZAROXOLYN® Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Metolazone Diuretic – Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Metolazone is a quinazoline diuretic/antihypertensive agent. The action of metolazone is to interfere with the renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. The mechanism of this action is unknown. Metolazone acts primarily to inhibit sodium reabsorption at the cortical diluting site and in the proximal convoluted tubule. Sodium and chloride ions are excreted in approximately equivalent amounts. The increased delivery…

ZANOSAR® Pharmacia & Upjohn Streptozocin Antineoplastic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Streptozocin inhibits DNA synthesis in bacterial and mammalian cells. In bacterial cells, a specific interaction with cytosine moieties leads to degradation of DNA. The biochemical mechanism leading to mammalian cell death has not been definitively established; levels required to kill cells are considerably lower than those required to inhibit DNA synthesis or several of the enzymes involved in DNA…

ZANTAC® 75 Glaxo Wellcome Ranitidine HCl Histamine H2-receptor Antagonist Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ranitidine is an antagonist of histamine at gastric H2-receptor sites. Thus, ranitidine inhibits both basal gastric secretion and gastric acid secretion induced by histamine, pentagastrin and other secretagogues. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion has been observed following i.v., intraduodenal and oral administration of ranitidine. This response is dose-related, a maximum response being achieved at an oral dose…

YUTOPAR® Bristol Ritodrine HCl Uterine Relaxing Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ritodrine is a beta-receptor agonist, which has been shown by in vitro and vivo pharmacologic studies in animals to exert a preferential effect on the adrenergic receptors such as those in the uterine smooth muscle. Stimulation of the receptors inhibits contractility of the uterine smooth muscle. Beta-adrenergic stimulation in other body systems may lead to some cardiovascular or metabolic…

XYLOCAINE® 4% STERILE SOLUTION Astra Lidocaine HCl Local Anesthetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Local anesthetics of the amide type are thought to act within sodium channels of the nerve membrane. Onset of Action: The onset of action is rapid. For retrobulbar injection, 4 mL…

XYLOCARD® Astra Lidocaine HCl Antiarrhythmic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: The mode of action of the antiarrhythmic effect of lidocaine appears to be similar to that of procaine, procainamide and quinidine. Ventricular excitability is depressed and the stimulation threshold of the ventricle is increased during diastole. The sinoatrial node is, however, unaffected. In contrast to the latter 3 drugs, lidocaine in therapeutic doses does not produce a significant…

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE Connaught Live 17D Virus Vaccine Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The administration of this vaccine stimulates the development of active immunity against Yellow Fever which probably lasts for many years. tag_IndicationsIndications Indications And Clinical Uses: For all persons 6 months of age or older who are traveling to countries which require a certificate of vaccination against Yellow Fever. Under the International Health Regulations the validity period of the…

XYLOCAINE® TOPICAL 5% Astra Lidocaine Oral Topical Anesthetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Local anesthetics of the amide type are thought to act within the sodium channels of the nerve membrane. Onset of Action: The onset of action is 3 to 5 minutes when applied…