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CASODEX® Zeneca Bicalutamide Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Bicalutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, devoid of other endocrine activity. Bicalutamide competitively inhibits the action of androgens by binding to cytosol androgen receptors in target tissue. This inhibition results in regression of prostatic tumors. Bicalutamide is a racemate and the (R)-enantiomer is primarily responsible for the antiandrogenic activity of bicalutamide. Pharmacokinetics : The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of bicalutamide has…

CATAPRES® Boehringer Ingelheim Clonidine HCl Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Clonidine is an a-adrenergic agonist which also has some a-adrenergic antagonist effects. The antihypertensive effect of clonidine is thought to be due to central a2-adrenergic stimulation, which results in a decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature and thus decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreased heart rate. Renal blood flow and…

CARDENE® Roche Nicardipine HCl Antianginal – Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Nicardipine is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (calcium entry blocker or calcium ion antagonist). The therapeutic effect of this group of drugs is believed to be related to their specific cellular action of selectively inhibiting transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. The contractile processes of these tissues are dependent upon the movement of…

CARDIOQUIN® Purdue Frederick Quinidine Polygalacturonate Antiarrhythmic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Quinidine depresses excitability, conduction velocity and contractility of most cardiac tissues by a direct action on cardiac cells. Indirectly, cardiac tissues will also be affected by the anticholinergic and a-adrenoceptor blocking properties of quinidine. According to Vaughan Williams antiarrhythmic drug classification, quinidine is a Class IA agent. Thus, quinidine reduces the maximal rate of phase 0 depolarization, prolongs repolarization…

CARDIZEM® CARDIZEM® SR CARDIZEM® CD Hoechst Marion Roussel Diltiazem HCl Antianginal Antihypertensive – Antianginal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Diltiazem is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (calcium entry blocker or calcium ion antagonist). The therapeutic effect of this group of drugs is believed to be related to their specific cellular action of selectively inhibiting transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. The contractile processes of these…

CARDIZEM® INJECTABLE Hoechst Marion Roussel Diltiazem HCl Antiarrhythmic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Diltiazem inhibits the influx of calcium ions during membrane depolarization of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. The therapeutic benefits of diltiazem in supraventricular tachycardias are related to its ability to slow atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction time and prolong AV nodal refractoriness. Diltiazem exhibits frequency (use) dependent effects on AV nodal conduction such that it may…

CARDIZEM® CARDIZEM® SR CARDIZEM® CD Hoechst Marion Roussel Diltiazem HCl Antianginal Antihypertensive – Antianginal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Diltiazem is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (calcium entry blocker or calcium ion antagonist). The therapeutic effect of this group of drugs is believed to be related to their specific cellular action of selectively inhibiting transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. The contractile processes of these…

CAPOTEN™ Squibb Captopril Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. The mechanism of action of captopril has not yet been fully elucidated. It appears to lower blood pressure and be an adjunct in the therapy of congestive heart failure primarily through suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; however, there is no consistent…

CARBOCAINE® Sanofi Mepivacaine HCl Local Anesthetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mepivacaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane and prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, thereby affecting local anesthesia. Its pharmacological properties are somewhat similar to those of lidocaine, which it resembles chemically. Its action is more rapid in onset and somewhat more prolonged than that of lidocaine. It has been employed for all types of infiltration and regional nerve block…

CARBOLITH™ ICN Lithium Carbonate Antimanic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Preclinical studies have shown that lithium alters sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and effects a shift toward intraneuronal metabolism of catecholamines, but the specific biochemical mechanism of lithium action in mania is unknown. Pharmacokinetics: Lithium ions are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and plasma lithium peaks are reached 2 to 4 hours after lithium administration. The distribution…