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VISKEN® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Pindolol Antihypertensive – Antianginal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pindolol is a beta-adrenergic-receptor-blocking agent which possesses partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity – I.S.A.). Hypertension: The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of pindolol has not been established. Among the factors that may be involved are: competitive ability to antagonize catecholamine-induced tachycardia at the beta-receptor sites in the heart, thus decreasing cardiac output; a reduction in total peripheral resistance;…

VITAMIN A General Monograph, Vitamin Pharmacology: The term vitamin A is applied to a number of substances with very similar structure and similar activity. The principal and most active substance is all-trans retinol (vitamin A alcohol). Vitamin A activity is assayed biologically and 1 IU equals 1 USP unit which is equal to 0.3 µg of all-trans retinol or 0.6 g of beta-carotene. One retinol equivalent (RE) is the specific…

VITAMIN B1 General Monograph Thiamine Vitamin Pharmacology: Vitamin B1 is a water soluble B complex vitamin. In vivo, vitamin B1 combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form thiamine pyrophosphate, also known as cocarboxylase, a coenzyme. Its role in carbohydrate metabolism is the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoacids to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Increased levels of pyruvic acid in the blood indicate vitamin B1 deficiency. Vitamin B1 depletion can occur…

VITAMIN B2 General Monograph Riboflavin Vitamin Pharmacology: Vitamin B2 is a water-soluble, B complex vitamin. It is required for tissue respiration and is also indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. Vitamin B2 deficiency often accompanies pellagra and other B vitamin deficiency states and is also associated with conditions causing negative protein balance, such as chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, diabetes mellitus and chronic debilitating diseases. Deficiency is manifested by angular stomatitis,…

VISIPAQUE™ Nycomed Imaging A.S. Iodixanol Nonionic Radiographic Contrast Medium Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Immediately following rapid intravascular injection, iodixanol reaches peak plasma concentration and is then rapidly distributed throughout the extracellular fluid compartment. It will opacify those vessels in the path of flow of the contrast medium, permitting radiographic visualization of the vasculature of the internal structures until significant dilution and elimination occurs. The degree of density enhancement is directly…

Virazole (Lyophilized) ICN Ribavirin Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ribavirin is active against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In cell cultures, the inhibitory activity of ribavirin for RSV is selective. The mechanism(s) of action is unknown, although evidence exists that inhibition of other RNA and DNA viruses may be due to ribavirin competition with guanosine in formation of viral mRNA cap structures and/or interference with enzymes responsible for functional methylation of…

VIDEX™ Bristol Didanosine Antiretroviral Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Didanosine is a synthetic, purine nucleoside analogue of deoxyadenosine, active against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Didanosine inhibits the in vitro replication of HIV in human primary cells cultures and in established cell lines. The active antiviral metabolite, dideoxyadenosine-triphosphate (ddATP), is formed in several steps by phosphorylation of didanosine by cellular enzymes. Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase by ddATP is through…

VIASPAN™ DuPont Pharma Cold Storage Solution Indications And Clinical Uses: For the flushing and cold storage of organs including kidney, liver and pancreas at the time of their removal from the donor in preparation for storage, transportation and eventual transplantation into a recipient. After precooling the solution to approximately 2 to 6°C in ice, the cold solution is used to flush the isolated organ immediately before removal from the donor…

VERMOX® Janssen-Ortho Mebendazole Anthelmintic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mebendazole induces in vitro and in vivo inhibition of the glucose uptake by parasitic helminths; this is associated with glycogen depletion and a decrease in the generation of ATP, leading to inhibition of larval development. Mebendazole is poorly absorbed after oral administration. At the normal anthelmintic dosage, the bioavailability is poor due to a combination of high first-pass metabolism and the very…

VERSED® Roche Midazolam Premedicant – Sedative – Anesthetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: General: Adult and Pediatric: I.V. midazolam has been associated with respiratory depression and respiratory arrest, especially when used for sedation in noncritical care settings. In some cases, where this was not recognized promptly and treated effectively, death or hypoxic encephalopathy has resulted. I.V. midazolam should be used only in hospital or ambulatory care settings that provide for continuous…