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VITAMIN B1 General Monograph Thiamine Vitamin Pharmacology: Vitamin B1 is a water soluble B complex vitamin. In vivo, vitamin B1 combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form thiamine pyrophosphate, also known as cocarboxylase, a coenzyme. Its role in carbohydrate metabolism is the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoacids to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Increased levels of pyruvic acid in the blood indicate vitamin B1 deficiency. Vitamin B1 depletion can occur…

VITAMIN B2 General Monograph Riboflavin Vitamin Pharmacology: Vitamin B2 is a water-soluble, B complex vitamin. It is required for tissue respiration and is also indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. Vitamin B2 deficiency often accompanies pellagra and other B vitamin deficiency states and is also associated with conditions causing negative protein balance, such as chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, diabetes mellitus and chronic debilitating diseases. Deficiency is manifested by angular stomatitis,…

VIROPTIC® Glaxo Wellcome Trifluridine Topical Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Trifluridine is phosphorylated by a cellular thymidine kinase to its nucleotide monophosphate. Trifluridine monophosphate is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, the target enzyme for the action of monofluorinated pyrimidines. Trifluridine has been demonstrated to combine slowly and irreversibly with thymidylate synthetase in a reaction that requires ATP. Trifluridine monophosphate is further phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to the triphosphate which is…

VISKAZIDE® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Pindolol – Hydrochlorothiazide Antihypertensive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Viskazide contains the antihypertensive activity of 2 agents: a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent (pindolol) and a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). Pindolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent which possesses partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity-ISA). The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents has not been established. Among the factors that may be involved are: (a) competitive…

VIOKASE® Axcan Pharma Pancrelipase Oral Enzyme Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The natural digestive enzymes in Viokase hydrolyse fats into fatty acids and glycerol, split protein into amino acids, and convert carbohydrates to dextrins and short chain sugars. Under conditions of the USP test method (in vitro), Viokase has the following total digestive capacity The digestive capacity of a pancreatic enzyme concentrate depends on the amount that passes through the…

Virazole (Lyophilized) ICN Ribavirin Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ribavirin is active against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In cell cultures, the inhibitory activity of ribavirin for RSV is selective. The mechanism(s) of action is unknown, although evidence exists that inhibition of other RNA and DNA viruses may be due to ribavirin competition with guanosine in formation of viral mRNA cap structures and/or interference with enzymes responsible for functional methylation of…

VIQUIN FORTE® ICN Hydroquinone – Glycolic Acid Depigmentation Agent – Moisturizer Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Hyperpigmentation refers to the brown skin spots caused by an excess of the skin pigment melanin in certain areas. It can be hereditary as are freckles, caused by sun damage, occur with increasing age, or be related to pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives. Hyperpigmentation usually develops gradually and increases with sun exposure. Skin…

VINCRISTINE SULFATE INJECTION USP Faulding Antineoplastic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The mode of action of vincristine has not been completely delineated. Evidence is available from in vitro studies that vincristine inhibits spindle formation and is associated with the reversible binding of vincristine to spindle proteins in the S phase. Vincristine has also been found to interfere with RNA synthesis. It has also been shown to stop cell reproduction in metaphase,…

VIOFORM® HYDROCORTISONE Novartis Pharmaceuticals Clioquinol – Hydrocortisone Antibacterial – Antifungal – Topical Corticosteroid Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Clioquinol, the antimicrobial component of Vioform Hydrocortisone, is active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi (e.g., Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton) and gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci). Clioquinol has only a slight inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria. Clioquinol exerts a bacteriostatic, rather than a bactericidal action. Hydrocortisone is a mild glucocorticoid with an…

VIOFORM® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Clioquinol Antibacterial – Antifungal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Clioquinol is active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi (e.g., Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton) and gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci). Clioquinol has only a slight inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria. Clioquinol exerts a bacteriostatic, rather than a bactericidal action. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of clioquinol have long been clinically established. Topically, clioquinol has demonstrated effectiveness in secondary…