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VOLTAREN OPHTHA® CIBA Vision Diclofenac Sodium Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic properties. The mode of action is not fully known, but it does not act through the pituitary-adrenal axis, even when given systemically. Diclofenac inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by interfering with the action of prostaglandin synthetase. Prostaglandins play a critical role in many inflammatory processes of the eye and appear to…

VOLTAREN RAPIDE® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Diclofenac Potassium Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Diclofenac potassium, the active substance of Voltaren Rapide is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Diclofenac inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by interfering with the action of prostaglandin synthetase. This inhibitory effect may partially explain its actions. It is considered to be a peripherally acting analgesic. Diclofenac potassium tablets have a rapid onset of action,…

VIVELLE® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Estradiol-17b Estrogen Description: Vivelle is a thin, circular, multilayer, transparent transdermal therapeutic system, i.e., an adhesive patch, containing estradiol-17b that is designed for application to an area of intact skin. The Vivelle patch comprises 3 layers. Proceeding from the visible surface toward the surface attached to the skin, these layers are: 1. A flexible semi-transparent backing film of polyurethane and ethylene vinyl alcohol polymer. 2. An adhesive…

VITAMIN D General Monograph Vitamin Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and has properties of both vitamins and minerals. The term vitamin D collectively refers to a group of structurally similar chemicals and their metabolites which includes alfacalcidol (1hydroxycholecalciferol), calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). These agents have antirachitic properties. The biologic activity of 40 IU vitamin D equals that of…

VITAMIN B6 General Monograph Pyridoxine Vitamin Pharmacology: Vitamin B6 is a water soluble B complex vitamin which is present in many foods as pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These forms of vitamin B6 are converted in vivo to pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate, which are essential coenzymes in the metabolism of certain amino acids such as tryptophan, in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and in the synthesis of heme and GABA, an…

VITAMIN K General Monograph, Phytonadione Hypoprothrombinemia Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Vitamin K compounds are fat soluble naphthoquinones. Phytonadione (vitamin K1) and vitamin K2 occur in a variety of natural materials and are synthesized by certain bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract; however, commercially prepared phytonadione is synthetically produced. Phytonadione possesses essentially the same type and degree of activity as naturally occurring vitamin K1. Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis in…

VITATHION®-A.T.P. Servier Ascorbic Acid – Thiamine – Inositol Stress Therapy Indications And Clinical Uses: In the treatment of stress conditions (e.g. fatigue, asthenia, postpartum, postsurgical convalescence); for conditions in which supplements of ascorbic acid, glutathione, adenosine and thiamine are indicated. Precautions: Do not use the contents of a sachet more than 8 days after the sachet has been opened. Dosage: Adults: 1 to 2 sachets daily dissolved in 120 mL…

VITAMIN A ACID Dermik Laboratories Canada Tretinoin Acne Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The interest in oral vitamin A in the treatment of acne started some 30 years ago following publication of a report by Straumfjord and theoretical support for the use of the vitamin in the reduction of hyperkeratosis came from basic science investigations. Hunter and Pinkus showed a reduction in the number of keratinocytes in the human stratum…

VISKEN® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Pindolol Antihypertensive – Antianginal Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pindolol is a beta-adrenergic-receptor-blocking agent which possesses partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity – I.S.A.). Hypertension: The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of pindolol has not been established. Among the factors that may be involved are: competitive ability to antagonize catecholamine-induced tachycardia at the beta-receptor sites in the heart, thus decreasing cardiac output; a reduction in total peripheral resistance;…

VITAMIN A General Monograph, Vitamin Pharmacology: The term vitamin A is applied to a number of substances with very similar structure and similar activity. The principal and most active substance is all-trans retinol (vitamin A alcohol). Vitamin A activity is assayed biologically and 1 IU equals 1 USP unit which is equal to 0.3 µg of all-trans retinol or 0.6 g of beta-carotene. One retinol equivalent (RE) is the specific…