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ZYRTEC® UCB Pharma Cetirizine HCl Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonist Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cetirizine, a human metabolite of hydroxyzine, is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist antiallergic compound; its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. Cetirizine is distinguished from other histamine H1 receptor antagonists by the presence of a carboxylic acid function. This difference may be partly responsible for the selectivity of cetirizine seen in pharmacologic models…

ZYLOPRIM® Glaxo Wellcome Allopurinol Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Allopurinol is a structural analogue of hypoxanthine. Reduction in both the serum and urinary uric acid levels is brought about by allopurinol inhibiting the action of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Allopurinol is metabolized to the corresponding xanthine analogue, oxypurinol, which is also an inhibitor of xanthine…

ZYPREXA® Lilly Olanzapine Antipsychotic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Olanzapine, a thienobenzodiazepine, is an antipsychotic agent, displaying high receptor affinity binding in vitro at serotonin 5-HT2A/C (Ki=4 and 11 nM, respectively), dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9 to 2.5 nM), adrenergic a1(Ki=19 nM), and histamine H1 (Ki=7 nM) receptors. In a behavioral paradigm predictive of antipsychotic activity, olanzapine reduced conditioned avoidance response in rats…

ZOLOFT™ Pfizer Sertraline HCl Antidepressant – Antipanic – Antiobsessional Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The mechanism of action of sertraline is presumed to be linked to its ability to inhibit the neuronal reuptake of serotonin. It has only very weak effects on norepinephrine and dopamine neuronal reuptake. At clinical doses, sertraline blocks the uptake of serotonin into human platelets. Like most clinically effective antidepressants, sertraline downregulates brain norepinephrine and serotonin…

ZOFRAN® Glaxo Wellcome Ondansetron HCl Dihydrate Antiemetic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ondansetron is a selective antagonist of the serotonin receptor subtype, 5-HT3. Its precise mode of action in the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is not known. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with the release of serotonin (5-HT) from enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine, presumably initiating a vomiting reflex through stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal…

ZOCOR® Frosst Simvastatin Lipid Metabolism Regulator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent derived synthetically from a fermentation product of A. terreus. After oral ingestion, simvastatin, which is an inactive lactone, is hydrolyzed to the corresponding b-hydroxyacid form. This principal metabolite is a specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is an early and rate-limiting step in the…

ZETAR® Preparations Dermik Laboratories Canada Coal Tar Antipsoriatic – Eczema Therapy Indications And Clinical Uses: A therapeutic aid in the treatment of psoriasis and other tar-responsive dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis; lichen simplex chronicus, seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff and nummular eczema. Emulsion: For use in the bath when extensive tar therapy is desired; Shampoo: Psoriasis, seborrhea dandruff, cradle cap, and other oily, itchy scalp conditions. Contra-Indications: Acute inflammation, open or infected…

ZILACTIN® ZILACTIN-B® ZILACTIN Baby® ZILACTIN-L® ZILACTIN-Lip® Zila Pharmaceuticals Benzyl Alcohol Benzocaine Benzocaine Lidocaine Octyl Methoxycinnamate – Homosalate – Oxybenzone – Dimethicone – Menthol Protective – Topical Analgesic – Emollient Preparation Indications And Clinical Uses: Zilactin: Zilactin medicated gel relieves pain and speeds healing of canker sores, fever blisters and cold sores. Zilactin forms a tenacious, occlusive film on the oral mucosa that holds the medication in place. The film can…

ZERIT™ Bristol-Myers Squibb Stavudine Antiretroviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Stavudine is a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue active against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In vitro studies demonstrate that stavudine is converted to the triphosphate by cellular kinases. The 5′-triphosphate is the active form of the drug. In cell culture studies with 2 different cell lines, stavudine triphosphate had an intracellular half-life of 3.5 hours. Stavudine triphosphate has been shown to…

ZESTORETIC® Zeneca Lisinopril – Hydrochlorothiazide Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor – Diuretic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Zestoretic combines the action of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, and a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide. Lisinopril: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidyl dipeptidase which catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the pressor substance, angiotensin II. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II, which leads to increased plasma renin activity (due to…