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CALCIUM SALTS: PARENTERAL General Monograph, Calcium Therapy Pharmacology: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and is essential for maintaining the functional integrity of nervous and musculoskeletal systems as well as cell membrane and capillary permeability. The majority (99%) of body calcium is contained in bone with the remainder equally distributed between intra- and extracellular fluids. Calcium is an activator in many enzymatic reactions and is necessary…

C.E.S.® ICN Conjugated Estrogens Estrogens Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Conjugated estrogens are a mixture of estrogens derived from plant sterols and contain the sodium salts of water-soluble estrogen sulfates. C.E.S. is derived from plant sterols, only. Conjugated estrogens contain estrone, equilin, 17-a-dihydroequilin, 17-a-estradiol, equilenin and 17-a-dihydroequilenin as salts of their sulfate esters. Actions: Metabolic and Somatic Effects: Estrogens are responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system…

CYTOXAN® Bristol Cyclophosphamide Antineoplastic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cyclophosphamide is activated by metabolism in the liver by the mixed-function oxidase system of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The hepatic cytochrome P-450 mixed-function converts cyclophosphamide to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, which is in a steady state with the acyclic tautomer, aldophosphamide. The drug and its metabolites are distributed throughout the body including the brain. Cyclophosphamide, which is biologically relatively inactive, is eliminated from the…

CAFERGOT® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ergotamine Tartrate – Caffeine Migraine Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ergotamine is an alpha adrenergic blocking agent with a direct stimulating effect on the smooth muscle of peripheral and cranial blood vessels; it produces depression of the central vasomotor centers. Its properties also include serotonin antagonism. In comparison to dihydrogenated ergotamine, the adrenergic blocking actions of ergotamine tartrate are less pronounced and vasoconstrictive actions are greater. The…

CAFERGOT-PB® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ergotamine Tartrate – Belladonna – Caffeine – Pentobarbital Migraine Therapy Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ergotamine is an alpha adrenergic blocking agent with a direct stimulating effect on the smooth muscle of peripheral and cranial blood vessels; it produces depression of the central vasomotor centres. Its properties also include serotonin antagonism. In comparison to dihydrogenated ergotamine, the adrenergic blocking actions of ergotamine tartrate are less pronounced and vasoconstriction…

CYTARABINE INJECTION Faulding Antileukemic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cytarabine is converted intracellularly to the nucleotide, cytarabine triphosphate. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action of cytarabine has not been fully elucidated, cytarabine triphosphate appears to inhibit DNA polymerase by competing with the physiologic substrate, deoxycytidine triphosphate, resulting in the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Although limited, incorporation of cytarabine triphosphate into DNA and RNA may also contribute to the cytotoxic effects of…

CYTOSAR® Pharmacia & Upjohn Cytarabine Antileukemic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cytarabine is metabolized by deoxycytidine kinase and other nucleotide kinases to the nucleotide triphosphate, an effective inhibitor of DNA polymerase; it is inactivated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase which converts it to the nontoxic uracil derivative. It appears that the balance of kinase and deaminase levels may be an important factor in determining sensitivity or resistance of the cell to cytarabine….

CYTOVENE® Capsules CYTOVENE® Injection Roche Ganciclovir Ganciclovir Sodium Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine which inhibits the replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular ganciclovir is phosphorylated to ganciclovir monophosphate by a cellular deoxyguanosine kinase. Further phosphorylation occurs by several cellular kinases to produce ganciclovir triphosphate. It has been shown in vitro that the levels of ganciclovir triphosphate are…

CYTOTEC® Searle Misoprostol Mucosal Protective Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. In animals and man, it has both gastric antisecretory and mucosal protective effects. Its antisecretory activity is mediated by a direct action on the parietal cells. Misoprostol exerts a mucosal protective effect by enhancing natural mucosal defense mechanisms. Studies conducted in animals and clinical trials in humans have demonstrated that misoprostol can…

CYLERT® Abbott Pemoline CNS Stimulant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pemoline is a CNS stimulant, which, although structurally different from the amphetamines and methylphenidate, possesses pharmacological activity similar to that of other known stimulants. Peak serum levels after single doses are reached within 2 to 4 hours and the serum half-life is approximately 12 hours. Multiple dose studies in adults at several dose levels indicate that steady state is reached in…