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LUTREPULSE™ Ferring Gonadorelin Acetate Ovulatory Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide that has the same amino acid sequence as endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesized in the human hypothalamus and in various neurons terminating in the hypothalamus. Its pharmacological and toxicological profile is therefore identical to that of endogenous GnRH. Under physiologic conditions, GnRH is released by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion. The primary effect of…

LUVOX® Solvay Pharma Fluvoxamine Maleate Antidepressant – Antiobsessional Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The antidepressant and antiobsessional actions of fluvoxamine are believed to be related to its selective inhibition of presynaptic serotonin re-uptake in brain neurones. There is minimum interference with noradrenergic processes, and, in common with several other specific inhibitors of serotonin uptake, fluvoxamine has very little in vitro affinity for a1, a2, b1, dopamine2, histamine1, serotonin1, serotonin2 or…

LYSODREN Bristol Mitotane Antineoplastic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Mitotane is an adrenal cytotoxic agent, and can cause adrenal inhibition, apparently without cellular destruction. Its biochemical mechanism of action is unknown. Available data suggest that the drug modifies the peripheral metabolism of steroids as well as directly suppressing the adrenal cortex. In man, mitotane administration alters cortisol’s extra-adrenal metabolism, leading to a reduction in measurable 17-hydroxy corticosteroids, even though plasma corticosteroid…

LOZIDE® Servier Indapamide Hemihydrate Diuretic – Antihypertensive Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Indapamide is a diuretic antihypertensive agent. The mechanism whereby indapamide exerts its action in the control of hypertension is not completely elucidated: both renal and extrarenal actions may be involved. The renal site of action is the proximal part of the distal tubule and the ascending part of Henle’s loop. Sodium and chloride ions are excreted in approximately…

LUDIOMIL® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Maprotiline HCl Antidepressant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Maprotiline has been shown to exhibit an antidepressant action. Maprotiline strongly inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine in the brain and peripheral tissues, but has a notable lack of serotonergic uptake inhibition. It has markedly less pronounced alpha-adrenergic blocking activity than amitriptyline. Maprotiline has a strong antihistaminic activity and a weaker anticholinergic activity. Maprotiline also exerts a sedative effect on the…

LOTENSIN® Novartis Benazepril HCl Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Benazepril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hypertension. Benazepril, after hydrolytic bioactivation to benazeprilat, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a peptidyl dipeptidase catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium resorption and potassium secretion…

LOVENOX® Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Enoxaparin Sodium Anticoagulant – Antithrombotic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin fragment, which is obtained by controlled depolymerization of natural heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. It possesses antithrombotic action. Enoxaparin is composed of molecules with and without a specially characterized pentasaccharide, the antithrombin binding site, that is essential for high affinity binding to the plasma protein antithrombin (formerly referred to as antithrombin…

LOPRESOR® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Metoprolol Tartrate Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Metoprolol is a b-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that it has a preferential effect on the b1-adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in cardiac muscle. This preferential effect is not absolute, however, and at higher doses, metoprolol also inhibits b2-adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in the bronchial and vascular musculature. Metoprolol has no membrane-stabilizing or…

LOPID® Parke-Davis Gemfibrozil Antihyperlipidemic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Gemfibrozil is a lipid regulating agent which decreases serum triglycerides and total cholesterol, and increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The lipid-lowering changes occur primarily in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction (Sf 20 to 400) rich in triglycerides and to a lesser extent in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction (Sf0 to 20) rich in cholesterol. Gemfibrozil treatment of patients…

LOESTRIN™ 1.5/30 Parke-Davis Norethindrone Acetate – Ethinyl Estradiol Oral Contraceptive Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Loestrin 1.5/30 achieves its contraceptive effect primarily by inhibition of ovulation through gonadotrophin suppression. It is well-established that oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestogen affect hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian functions. They may alter many other physiological systems. Although the exact mechanisms of action are incompletely understood, there is universal agreement that the inhibition of the ovulatory…