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CYTOSAR® Pharmacia & Upjohn Cytarabine Antileukemic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cytarabine is metabolized by deoxycytidine kinase and other nucleotide kinases to the nucleotide triphosphate, an effective inhibitor of DNA polymerase; it is inactivated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase which converts it to the nontoxic uracil derivative. It appears that the balance of kinase and deaminase levels may be an important factor in determining sensitivity or resistance of the cell to cytarabine….

CYTOVENE® Capsules CYTOVENE® Injection Roche Ganciclovir Ganciclovir Sodium Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine which inhibits the replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular ganciclovir is phosphorylated to ganciclovir monophosphate by a cellular deoxyguanosine kinase. Further phosphorylation occurs by several cellular kinases to produce ganciclovir triphosphate. It has been shown in vitro that the levels of ganciclovir triphosphate are…

CYTOTEC® Searle Misoprostol Mucosal Protective Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. In animals and man, it has both gastric antisecretory and mucosal protective effects. Its antisecretory activity is mediated by a direct action on the parietal cells. Misoprostol exerts a mucosal protective effect by enhancing natural mucosal defense mechanisms. Studies conducted in animals and clinical trials in humans have demonstrated that misoprostol can…

CYSTISTAT® Bioniche Sodium Hyaluronate GAG Layer Replacement Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer on the luminal surface of the bladder wall is believed to provide a protective barrier against microorganisms, carcinogens, crystals and other agents present in the urine and has been identified as the primary defense mechanism in protecting the transitional epithelium from urinary irritants. Deficiencies in this GAG layer of the bladder epithelium may destroy its…

CYLERT® Abbott Pemoline CNS Stimulant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Pemoline is a CNS stimulant, which, although structurally different from the amphetamines and methylphenidate, possesses pharmacological activity similar to that of other known stimulants. Peak serum levels after single doses are reached within 2 to 4 hours and the serum half-life is approximately 12 hours. Multiple dose studies in adults at several dose levels indicate that steady state is reached in…

CYSTO-CONRAY® CYSTO-CONRAY® II Mallinckrodt Iothalamate Meglumine Radiopaque Medium Description: Retrograde instillation opacifies selected segments of the urinary tract, permitting fluoroscopic and radiographic visualization of structures such as the urethra, bladder, ureters and pelvico-calyceal system. Indications And Clinical Uses: Use in retrograde cystography and cystourethrography. Cysto-Conray is also indicated for use in retrograde pyelography. Contra-Indications: In patients with a known hypersensitivity to salts of iothalamic acid, the use of this preparation…

CYTADREN® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Aminoglutethimide Adrenal Suppressant – Reversible Inhibitor of Peripheral Estrogen Synthesis Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cushing’s Syndrome: Aminoglutethimide is a potent reversible inhibitor of adrenal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid synthesis. It partially inhibits the enzymatic conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the reaction that initiates steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. As well, aminoglutethimide blocks the C-11, C-18 and C-21 hydroxylation of steroids. In Cushing’s syndrome of all etiologies other than…

CYCLOMEN® Sanofi Danazol Pituitary Gonadotropin Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: In women of reproductive age, the primary mode of action of danazol is believed to be by suppression of the pituitary-ovarian axis, and inhibition of the output of gonadotropins from the pituitary-gland. Other mechanisms of action currently postulated to explain its effects are: inhibition of midcycle FSH and LH surges: inhibition of enzymes required for gonadal hormone synthesis: competitive binding…

  CYCLOPENTOLATE HCl General Monograph, Cycloplegic – Mydriatic – Anticholinergic Cyclopentolate is an anticholinergic agent that induces relaxation of the sphincter of the iris and the ciliary muscles. When applied topically to the eyes, it causes a rapid, intense cycloplegic and mydriatic effect that is maximal in 15 to 60 minutes; recovery usually occurs within 24 hours. The cycloplegic and mydriatic effects are slower in onset and longer in duration…

CYKLOKAPRON® Pharmacia & Upjohn Tranexamic Acid Antifibrinolytic Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Tranexamic acid produces an antifibrinolytic effect by competitively inhibiting the activation of plasminogen to plasmin. It is also a weak noncompetitive inhibitor of plasmin. These properties make possible its clinical use as an antifibrinolytic in the treatment of both general and local fibrinolytic hemorrhages. It has an action mechanism similar to, but about 10 times more potent in…