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CYTOVENE® Capsules CYTOVENE® Injection Roche Ganciclovir Ganciclovir Sodium Antiviral Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine which inhibits the replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular ganciclovir is phosphorylated to ganciclovir monophosphate by a cellular deoxyguanosine kinase. Further phosphorylation occurs by several cellular kinases to produce ganciclovir triphosphate. It has been shown in vitro that the levels of ganciclovir triphosphate are…

CYSTISTAT® Bioniche Sodium Hyaluronate GAG Layer Replacement Action And Clinical Pharmacology: The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer on the luminal surface of the bladder wall is believed to provide a protective barrier against microorganisms, carcinogens, crystals and other agents present in the urine and has been identified as the primary defense mechanism in protecting the transitional epithelium from urinary irritants. Deficiencies in this GAG layer of the bladder epithelium may destroy its…

CYSTO-CONRAY® CYSTO-CONRAY® II Mallinckrodt Iothalamate Meglumine Radiopaque Medium Description: Retrograde instillation opacifies selected segments of the urinary tract, permitting fluoroscopic and radiographic visualization of structures such as the urethra, bladder, ureters and pelvico-calyceal system. Indications And Clinical Uses: Use in retrograde cystography and cystourethrography. Cysto-Conray is also indicated for use in retrograde pyelography. Contra-Indications: In patients with a known hypersensitivity to salts of iothalamic acid, the use of this preparation…

CYTADREN® Novartis Pharmaceuticals Aminoglutethimide Adrenal Suppressant – Reversible Inhibitor of Peripheral Estrogen Synthesis Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cushing’s Syndrome: Aminoglutethimide is a potent reversible inhibitor of adrenal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid synthesis. It partially inhibits the enzymatic conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the reaction that initiates steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. As well, aminoglutethimide blocks the C-11, C-18 and C-21 hydroxylation of steroids. In Cushing’s syndrome of all etiologies other than…

CRIXIVAN® MSD Indinavir Sulfate HIV Protease Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Indinavir is a selective protease inhibitor active against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1). Mechanism of Action: HIV protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV. Indinavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of…

CUPRIMINE® MSD Penicillamine Chelating Agent Action And Clinical Pharmacology: As a chelating agent, penicillamine removes copper and lead from the body. In copper chelation, from in vitro studies which indicate that one atom of copper combines with 2 molecules of penicillamine. It would appear that 1 g of penicillamine should be followed by the excretion of about 200 mg of copper; however, the actual amount excreted is about 1% of…

COVERSYL® Servier Perindopril Erbumine Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Perindopril is a nonsulphydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which is used in the treatment of hypertension. Following oral administration, perindopril is rapidly hydrolyzed to perindoprilat, its principal active metabolite. Angiotensin-converting enzyme catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Inhibition of ACE activity leads…

COUMADIN® DuPont Pharma Warfarin Sodium Anticoagulant Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Warfarin and other coumarin anticoagulants act by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. Half-lives of these clotting factors are as follows: Factor II – 60 hours, VII – 4 to 6 hours, IX – 24 hours, and X – 48 to 72…

CORTONE® Suspension MSD Cortisone Acetate Corticosteroid Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cortisone is a natural product of the adrenal cortex. Cortisone is a synthetic steroid with the basic actions and effects of other glucocorticoids. Cortisone sterile suspension has a slow onset but long duration of action when compared with more soluble preparations. When daily corticosteroid therapy is required and oral therapy is not feasible, the required daily dosage may be given…

BURINEX® Leo Bumetanide Diuretic Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic. The diuretic effect of bumetanide results largely from the inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This is shown by a marked reduction in freewater clearance during hydration and tubular solute-free water reabsorption during hydropenia. Bumetanide may have an additional action in the proximal tubule, since phosphaturia has been observed during…