Platonol (Cisplatin)

PLATINOL®-AQ

Bristol

Cisplatin

Antineoplastic

Caution: Cisplatin is a potent drug and should be used only by physicians experienced with cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (see Warnings and Precautions). Blood counts as well as renal and hepatic function tests should be taken regularly. Discontinue the drug if abnormal depression of bone marrow or abnormal renal or hepatic function is seen.

Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Cisplatin has biochemical properties similar to those of bifunctional alkylating agents producing interstrand and intrastrand crosslinks in DNA. It is apparently not cell-cycle specific.

Pharmacokinetics: Following bolus injection, or i.v. infusion over 2 to 7 hours, of doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg/m plasma cisplatin half-life is approximately 30 minutes. The ratios of cisplatin to total, free (ultrafilterable) platinum in the plasma range from 0.4 to 1.1 after a dose of 100 mg/m

Cisplatin does not undergo instantaneous and reversible binding to plasma proteins characteristic of normal drug-protein binding; however, the platinum from cisplatin becomes bound to plasma proteins. These complexes are slowly eliminated with a half-life of 5 days or more.

Following cisplatin doses of 20 to 120 mg/m the concentrations of platinum are highest in liver, prostate and kidney, somewhat lower in bladder, muscle, testicle, pancreas and spleen and lowest in bowel, adrenal, heart, lung, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Platinum is present in tissues for as long as 180 days after the last administration. With the exception of intracerebral tumors, platinum concentrations in tumors are generally somewhat lower than the concentrations in the organ where the tumor is located. Different metastatic sites in the same patient may have different platinum concentrations. Hepatic metastases have the highest platinum concentrations, but these are similar to the platinum concentrations in normal liver.

Over a range of doses administered as bolus injections or infusions of up to 24 hours, approximately 10 to 40% of the platinum administered is excreted in the urine in 24 hours. Similar mean urinary recoveries of platinum are found following daily administration on 5 consecutive days. Intact cisplatin accounts for the majority of platinum excreted in the urine within 1 hour of administration. Renal clearance of cisplatin exceeds creatinine clearance. The renal clearance of free (ultrafilterable) platinum also exceeds creatinine clearance, is nonlinear and depends on dose, urine flow rate and individual variability in tubular secretion and reabsorption. No close correlation exists between the renal clearance of either free (ultrafilterable) platinum or cisplatin and creatinine clearance. There is a potential for accumulation of free (ultrafilterable) platinum in plasma when cisplatin is administered on a daily basis, but not when it is administered on an intermittent basis.

Although small amounts of platinum are present in the bile and large intestine after administration of cisplatin, fecal excretion of platinum appears to be insignificant.

Indications And Clinical Uses: As palliative therapy, to be employed in addition to other modalities, or in established combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in the following: Metastatic testicular tumors: in patients who have already received appropriate surgical and/or radiotherapeutic and/or chemotherapeutic procedures. Metastatic ovarian tumors: as secondary therapy in patients refractory to standard chemotherapy. Advanced bladder cancer: as a single agent for patients with transitional cell bladder cancer.

Contra-Indications: In patients with pre-existing renal impairment, and hearing impairment, unless in the judgement of the physician and patient the possible benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.

Cisplatin should not be employed in myelosuppressed patients and is contraindicated in individuals who have demonstrated a previous hypersensitivity to it or other platinum-containing compounds.

When used as indicated, the physician must carefully weigh the therapeutic benefit versus risk of toxicity which may occur.

Manufacturers’ Warnings In Clinical States: Cisplatin produces cumulative nephrotoxicity which can be potentiated by aminoglycoside antibiotics (see Precautions).

Anaphylactic-like reactions to cisplatin have been reported and include facial edema, bronchoconstriction, tachycardia and hypotension. These reactions have occurred within minutes of administration to patients with prior exposure to cisplatin and have been alleviated by administration of epinephrine, corticosteroids and antihistamines.

There are reports of severe neuropathies in patients in whom regimens are employed using higher doses of cisplatin, or greater dose frequencies, than those recommended. These neuropathies may be irreversible and are seen as paresthesia in a stocking-glove distribution, areflexia, and loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation. Loss of motor function has also been reported.

Ototoxicity, which may be more pronounced in children, and is manifested by tinnitus, and/or loss of high frequency hearing and occasionally deafness, is significant. Since ototoxicity is cumulative, audiometric testing should be performed prior to initiating therapy and prior to each subsequent dose of drug (see Adverse Effects).

Pregnancy: Cisplatin can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Cisplatin is mutagenic in bacteria, produces chromosome aberrations in animal cells in tissue culture and is teratogenic and embryotoxic in mice. Patients should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.

Cisplatin has been found to have carcinogenic potential in laboratory animals. The development of acute leukemia co-incident with the use of cisplatin has been reported rarely in humans. In these reports cisplatin was generally given in combination with other leukemogenic agents.

As with any potent antineoplastic drug, the benefit to patient versus risk of toxicity must be carefully weighed.

Precautions: Cisplatin should be administered under the supervision of a qualified physician experienced with the use of antineoplastic therapy. Appropriate management of therapy and complications is possible only when adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are readily available.

Cisplatin produces cumulative nephrotoxicity which can be potentiated by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Serum creatinine, BUN, creatinine clearance, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium levels should be measured prior to initiating therapy, and prior to each subsequent course. At the recommended dosage, cisplatin should not be given more frequently than once every 3 to 4 weeks (see Adverse Effects). Pretreatment hydration with 1 or 2 L of fluid infused for 8 to 12 hours prior to a cisplatin dose is recommended to minimize nephrotoxicity.

Since ototoxicity of cisplatin is cumulative, audiometric testing should be performed prior to initiating therapy and prior to each subsequent dose of drug (see Adverse Effects).

Peripheral blood counts should be monitored weekly. Liver function should be monitored periodically. Neurologic examinations should also be performed regularly (see Adverse Effects).

Drug Interactions: Plasma levels of anticonvulsants may become subtherapeutic during cisplatin therapy. In a randomized trial in advanced ovarian cancer, response duration was adversely affected when pyridoxine was used with altretamine (hexamethylmelamine) and cisplatin.

Pregnancy : See Warnings.

Lactation : Cisplatin has been reported to be excreted in human milk; patients receiving cisplatin should not breast-feed.

After reconstitution, cisplatin is physically incompatible with any i.v. set, needle and syringe containing aluminum. An interaction will occur between aluminum and platinum from cisplatin causing a black precipitate which is visible in the solution (see Dosage, Preparation of i.v Solutions).

As with other potentially toxic compounds, caution should be exercised in handling the solution of cisplatin. Skin reactions associated with accidental exposure to cisplatin may occur. The use of gloves is recommended. If cisplatin solution contacts the skin, immediately wash thoroughly with soap and water. If cisplatin solution contacts mucous membranes, flush thoroughly with water.

Adverse Reactions: Nephrotoxicity: Dose-related and cumulative renal insufficiency is the major dose-limiting toxicity of cisplatin. Renal toxicity has been noted in 28 to 36% of patients treated with a single dose of 50 mg/m It is first noted during the second week after a dose and is manifested by elevations in BUN and creatinine, serum uric acid and/or a decrease in creatinine clearance. Renal toxicity becomes more prolonged and severe with repeated courses of the drug. Renal function must return to normal before another dose of cisplatin can be given.

Renal function impairment has been associated with renal tubular damage. The administration of cisplatin using a 6- to 8-hour infusion with i.v. hydration, and mannitol diuresis has been used to reduce nephrotoxicity. However, renal toxicity still can occur after utilization of these procedures.

Ototoxicity: Ototoxicity has been observed in up to 31% of patients treated with a single dose of cisplatin, 50 mg/m and is manifested by tinnitus and/or hearing loss in the high frequency range (4 000 to 8 000 Hz). Decreased ability to hear normal conversational tones may occur occasionally. Ototoxic effects may be more severe in children receiving cisplatin. Hearing loss can be unilateral or bilateral and tends to become more frequent and severe with repeated doses; however, deafness after the initial dose of cisplatin has been reported rarely. Ototoxicity may be enhanced with prior or simultaneous cranial irradiation and may be related to peak plasma concentration of cisplatin. It is unclear whether cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is reversible. Careful monitoring of audiometry should be performed prior to initiation of therapy and prior to subsequent doses of cisplatin. Vestibular toxicity has also been reported.

Hematologic: Myelosuppression occurs in 25 to 30% of patients treated with cisplatin. The nadirs in circulating platelets and leukocytes occur between days 18 and 23 (range 7.5 to 45) with most patients recovering by day 39 (range 13 to 62). Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are more pronounced at higher doses (>50 mg/m. Anemia (decrease of 2 g hemoglobin/100 mL) occurs at approximately the same frequency and with the same timing as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Cisplatin has been shown to sensitize red blood cells, sometimes resulting in a direct coombs’ positive hemolytic anemia. The incidence, severity and relative importance of this effect in relation to other hematologic toxicity has not been established, but the possibility of an hemolytic process should be considered in any person who is receiving cisplatin and has unexplained fall in hemoglobin. The hemolytic process reverses on cessation of therapy.

The development of acute leukemia coincident with the use of cisplatin has been reported rarely in humans. In these reports, cisplatin was generally given in combination with other leukemogenic agents.

Gastrointestinal: Marked nausea and vomiting occur in almost all patients treated with cisplatin, and are occasionally so severe that the drug must be discontinued. Nausea and vomiting usually begin within 1 to 4 hours after treatment and last up to 24 hours. Various degrees of vomiting, nausea and/or anorexia may persist for up to 1 week after treatment.

Delayed nausea and vomiting (beginning or persisting 24 hours or more after chemotherapy) has occurred in patients attaining complete emetic control on the day of cisplatin therapy.

Diarrhea has also been reported.

Hyperuricemia: Hyperuricemia has been reported to occur at approximately the same frequency as increases in BUN and serum creatinine. It is more pronounced after doses greater than 50 mg/m and peak levels of uric acid generally occur between 3 to 5 days after the dose. Allopurinol therapy for hyperuricemia effectively reduces uric acid levels.

Serum Electrolyte Disturbances: Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia have been reported to occur in patients treated with cisplatin and are probably related to renal tubular damage. Tetany has occasionally been reported in those patients with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Generally, normal serum electrolyte levels are restored by administering supplemental electrolytes and discontinuing cisplatin. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome has also been reported.

Neurotoxicity: Neurotoxicity, usually characterized by peripheral neuropathies, has occurred in some patients. Neuropathies resulting from cisplatin treatment may occur after prolonged therapy (4 to 7 months); however, neurologic symptoms have been reported to occur after a single dose. Although symptoms and signs usually develop during treatment, rarely they may begin after the last dose of cisplatin. The neuropathy may progress after stopping the treatment. Lhermitte’s sign, dorsal column myelopathy, and autonomic neuropathy have also been reported.

Cisplatin therapy should be discontinued when symptoms are first observed. Preliminary evidence suggests peripheral neuropathy may be irreversible in some patients.

Muscle cramps of sudden onset and short duration have been reported. These were usually observed in patients who had received a relatively high cumulative dose of cisplatin, and who had a relatively advanced stage of peripheral neuropathy.

Loss of taste and seizures have also been reported.

Ocular Toxicity: Optic neuritis, papilledema and cerebral blindness have been reported infrequently in patients receiving standard recommended doses of cisplatin. Improvement and/or total recovery usually occurs after discontinuing cisplatin. Steroids with or without mannitol have been used, however, efficacy has not been established.

Blurred vision and altered color perception have been reported after the use of regimens with higher doses of cisplatin or greater dose frequencies than those recommended. The altered color perception manifests as a loss of color discrimination, particularly in the blue-yellow axis. The only finding on funduscopic exam is irregular retinal pigmentation of the macular area.

Anaphylactic-like Reactions: Anaphylactic-like reactions have been occasionally reported in patients previously exposed to cisplatin. The reactions consist of facial edema, wheezing, tachycardia and hypotension within a few minutes of drug administration. Reactions may be controlled by i.v. epinephrine, corticosteroids or antihistamines. Patients receiving cisplatin should be observed carefully for possible anaphylactic-like reactions and supportive equipment and medication should be available to treat such a complication.

Hepatic: Transient elevation of hepatic enzymes, and bilirubin can occur when cisplatin is administered in recommended doses.

Other Toxicities: Vascular toxicities coincident with the use of cisplatin in combination with other antineoplastic agents have been reported rarely. The events are clinically heterogeneous and may include myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, thrombotic microangiopathy (hemolytic uremic syndrome) or cerebral arteritis. Various mechanisms have been proposed for these vascular complications. There are also reports of Raynaud’s phenomenon occurring in patients treated with the combination of bleomycin, vinblastine with or without cisplatin. It has been suggested that hypomagnesemia developing coincident with the use of cisplatin may be an added, although not essential, factor associated with this event. However, it is currently unknown if the cause of Raynaud’s phenomenon in these cases is the disease, underlying vascular compromise, bleomycin, vinblastine, hypomagnesemia, or a combination of any of these factors.

Other toxicities reported to occur infrequently are cardiac abnormalities, hiccups, elevated serum amylase and rash. Alopecia has also been reported.

Local soft tissue toxicity has rarely been reported following extravasation of cisplatin. Infiltration of solutions of cisplatin may result in tissue cellulitis, fibrosis and necrosis.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose: Symptoms: Caution should be used to prevent inadvertent overdosage with cisplatin.

Acute overdosage with this drug may result in kidney failure, liver failure, deafness, ocular toxicity (including detachment of the retina), significant myelosuppression, intractable nausea and vomiting and/or neuritis. In addition, death can occur following overdosage.

Treatment: No proven antidote have been established for cisplatin overdosage. Hemodialysis even when initiated for hours after overdosage, appears to have little effect on removing platinum from the body because of rapid and high degree of protein binding of cisplatin. Management of overdosage should include general supportive measures to sustain the patient through the period of toxicity that may occur. Patients should be monitored for 3 to 4 weeks in case of delayed toxicity.

Dosage And Administration: The recommended dose in adults and children as single-agent therapy is 50 to 75 mg/mas a single i.v. dose every 3 to 4 weeks, or 15 to 20 mg/mi.v. daily for 5 days every 3 to 4 weeks.

A repeat course of cisplatin should not be given until the serum creatinine is below 1.5 mg/100 mL and/or the BUN is below 25 mg/100 mL. A repeat course should not be given until circulating blood elements are at an acceptable level (platelets ³100 000 cells/mm WBC³4 000 cells/mm. Subsequent dose of cisplatin should not be given until an audiometric analysis indicates that auditory acuity is within normal limits.

When employed in combination with other antitumor drugs, the dose of cisplatin should be adjusted appropriately.

Pretreatment hydration with 1 to 2 L of fluid infused for 8 to 12 hours prior to a cisplatin dose is recommended. The drug is then diluted in 2 L of 5% Dextrose in 1/2 or 1/3N Saline containing 37.5 g of mannitol, and infused over a 6 to 8-hour period. Adequate hydration and urinary output must be maintained during the following 24 hours.

Caution should be exercised in preparing the solution of cisplatin (see Handling and Disposal). If cisplatin solution contacts the skin, immediately wash thoroughly with soap and water. If cisplatin solution contacts mucous membranes, flush thoroughly with water.

Preparation of I.V. Solutions: I.V. needles, syringes or sets having aluminum components should not be employed in preparation or administration of cisplatin solutions. An interaction will occur between aluminum and platinum from cisplatin causing formation of a black precipitate, which is visible in the reconstituted solution, and a loss of potency.

The diluted solution should not be refrigerated and should be used up within a 20 hour period from the time of dilution.

Cisplatin solution further diluted in the following infusion fluids, is stable for 6 to 8 hours at room temperature: 0.9% sodium chloride; 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride; 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride; 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride with mannitol; 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride with mannitol; 5% dextrose and 0.3% sodium chloride with mannitol.

The diluted infusion should be protected from light if it is not to be used within 6 hours.

Handling and Disposal: Preparation of cisplatin should be done in a vertical laminar flow hood (Biological Safety Cabinet – Class II).

Personnel preparing cisplatin should wear PVC gloves, safety glasses, disposable gowns and masks.

All needles, syringes, vials and other materials which have come in contact with cisplatin should be segregated and incinerated at 1 000°C or more. Sealed containers may explode. Intact vials should be returned to the manufacturer for destruction. Proper precautions should be taken in packaging these materials for transport.

Personnel regularly involved in the preparation and handling of cisplatin should have bi-annual blood examinations.

Availability And Storage: Each mL contains: cisplatin 1 mg and sodium chloride 9 mg in water for injection. Nonmedicinal ingredients: sodium chloride and water for injection. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide is added to adjust pH. Amber glass vials of 50 and 100 mL. Store at room temperature between 15 and 25°C. Protect from light.

PLATINOL®-AQ Bristol Cisplatin Antineoplastic

Caution: Cisplatin is a potent drug and should be used only by physicians experienced with cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (see Warnings and Precautions). Blood counts as well as renal and hepatic function tests should be taken regularly. Discontinue the drug if abnormal depression of bone marrow or abnormal renal or hepatic function is seen.

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